Early Ideas of Evolution

Greeks

The Greeks proposed that the earth was the center of the universe.

Geocentric model of the universe.

Socrates:
Sought rational explanation of universe, power of logic. “Corrupted the youth…”
Lived: 469-399 BC Death of Socrates

Bust of Plato
Plato:
Perfect form. Lived: 427-347 BC Republic

Aristotle:
“Father of Biology,” 4 elements, qualities, Scala Naturae, God at top of ladder. Species permanent, fixed, unchanging. Geocentric model of the universe. Alexander the Great was his pupil. Lived: 384-322 BC

Galen:
Greek, founder of experimental physiology, performed dissections apes himself (not by slaves as was the custom) (He dissected apes, and here a pig.) Noted heart anatomy, hand function, no air in veins, “God makes naught in vain”: His purpose could be deduced from structure. Defined bodily fluids, adjust elements to cure sickness, assigned personalities to humors. Lived: 130-200 AD

Role of the Catholic Church

Church embraced Aristotelian view of universe, protected. Dogma: taught Aristotelean corpus as truth.

Astronomy: Heliocentric Model, Scientific Revolution

Nicholas Copernicus:
De Revolutionibus proposed that the sun was the center of the solar system (heliocentric model: earth rotates on axis, orbits around sun as other planets, explained retrograde motion of planets: Mars retrograde motion) Lived: 1473-1543

Johannes Kepler:
Developed laws of planetary motion. Lived: 1571-1630

Galileo Galilei:
First saw mountains on moon, moons of Jupiter moving around from his notebook. Had to retract for his life, house arrest. Short Bio of his life. Lived: 1564-1642

Taxonomy

Carolus Linnaeus:
Swede, botanist, systematized according to flower structure, believed species fixed. Developed system of taxonomy, assigned binomial scientific names: Genera, species. Systema Naturae and Genera Plantarum. Lived: 1707-1778

Geology

Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon:
French aristocrat (wealthy at 25 yrs), popularized Natural History, first to suggest that changes occurred over time through degeneration. Lived: 1707-1788

James Hutton:
Geologist who suggested in 1795 that the processes which shaped the earth are same today as in ancient times, very slow to act (gradualism). He, with Lyell concluded that it took longer than the 6,000 yrs as chronicled in the Bible, and that change is the normal course of events. Lived: 1726-1797

William “Strata” Smith:
English surveyor, father of engineering geology. Surveying for canal, noted strata above coal was tilted (support Hutton), but regularity of strata. Could identify strata by particular fossils (1816). Established principle of index fossils. (Made

sea scape underwater with fossils and coral — Ordovician Period

apparent present surface was formed layer by layer over a long period of time.) He constructed a famous map of the fossil deposits in England. (Show local Clermont fossils, Ordovician Period .) He proposed the The Principle of Faunal Succession: Strata on top showed different fauna, generally more advanced. Lived: 1769-1839

George Cuvier:
French anatomist, founder of paleontology (paleo- old, ancient, onto-: existing things), studied fossil remains, noted the deeper fossils were more dissimilar to present ones. first to put together mastodon (Mammoths have single set of tusks, mastodons have second set of tusks in lower jaw). He opposed the idea of evolution, but suggested change in species was one of elimination: catastrophism. It is now deduced that less than 1% of species still existed. Lived: 1769-1832

Charles Lyell:
Principles of Geology: uniformitarianism: as Hutton: geological processes are same today as in the past, at the same slow rate. The Grand Canyon, for instance was forme by same processes seen today. Lived: 1797-1875

Early Ideas of Evolution

Jean Baptiste Lamarck:
Naturalist. Studied living and fossil invertebrata named Crustaceae, Arachnidae, annelida. Said heat and electricity caused orgasme in gelatinous bodies. Proposed role of environment in the shaping of species.

In 1801, Progression of the Species:
1) Universal creative principle: striving by individuals altered their composition Each organism yearns to progress to higher evolutionary level.
2) Inheritance of acquired traits: Organisms acquire characteristics from 1iving in a given environment and pass these on to the next generation. Lived: 1744-1829

Rev. Thomas Malthus:
Economist, wrote Essay on the Principles of Population. (l798) Noted that population would increase until limited by food supply. Lived: 1766-1834

Image Sources:

Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, Nicolaus Copernicus, Galen, Carolus Linneaus, George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon, James Hutton, William Smith, George Cuvier, Charles Lyell, Jean Baptiste Lamarck, Rev. Thomas Malthus

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CARDINAL RULES FOR MICROSCOPE USE:

To carry a microscope: first clear your desk to receive the microscope, then grasp its arm firmly, lift and support under the base with other hand, set on a cleared desk. Remove and store its dust cover in cabinet under desk. Unwrap power cord, loop once around gas outlet at rear of desk, plug into electrical outlet in front of desk.
Clean the lenses: use ONLY lens paper. Polish the objectives and oculars: breathe on them lightly for moisture. If the view is still foggy, ask for help. (Slides may be polished with Kimwipes.)
Always begin slide set-up with the stage lowered and the lowest power objective (4x) in place.
Focus initially only by LOWERING the stage to the focal point using the coarse focus. NEVER raise the stage using the coarse focus during focusing. (The objective may ram the slide which can damage both.)
Use only the fine focus with higher power objectives. Make only minor changes in focus when necessary with the fine focus knob. If you totally lose focus, return to a lower power objective to find the focal point. Do not use the 100x objective unless you have received specific instructions on its use. (See a separate handout for oil immersion procedure.)
Carefully follow microscope use instructions. (See Using and Evaluating the Microscope .)

LEARN AND ILLUSTRATE THE FEATURES OF THE MICROSCOPE:

Get out the microscope, using proper carrying technique (see rule 1 above), place on a cleared desk.
Cord wound properly around base
Note how the cord is neatly wrapped around the base (we hope): not twisted or bent back, snugly wrapped around the lamp housing and arm, with the plug is securely tucked in under the cord. Always rewind the cord in this configuration.
Right Side View of Microscope
Draw a right side view of the microscope (oculars point to L), label or explain all of the following. Briefly note various functions. (You may be tested on any of these…):